NanobOx’s novel, patented, solid-state nanobubble technology produces higher concentrations of nanobubbles at less than 1% of the energy cost of conventional methods of nanobubble generation, substantially increasing the biological efficacy and reducing cost of ownership of nanobubble water treatment. It is proven to increase the rate of growth and yield of irrigated horticultural crops while substantially reducing fertiliser consumption. It also provides a chemical-free means of cleaning and sanitising water and water handling and storage systems reducing use of chemicals and labour cost.