This body of work establishes human-relevant experimental platforms and mechanistic insights to study sensory neuron dysfunction, with a primary focus on olfactory and gustatory systems under pathological conditions such as viral infection and inflammation. By integrating ex vivo human olfactory organoid models, advanced expansion microscopy for nanoscale synaptic imaging, and molecular analysis of immune–sensory interactions, this research addresses long-standing gaps between animal models and human sensory disorders. In parallel, translational efforts extend these discoveries toward therapeutic strategies, including bioactive compounds derived from herbal medicine for metabolic and inflammatory diseases.