Drone-based mapping and GIS analysis for identifying farmland vulnerable to excessive water runoff

Overview

This solution uses drone-based remote sensing (RPA) and geographic information systems (GIS) to identify farmland areas most vulnerable to excessive water runoff caused by large precipitation events. Heavy rainfall increasingly overwhelms traditional drainage infrastructure, leading to soil erosion, nutrient leaching, and reduced farm productivity. By producing detailed terrain models and land cover maps, the technology pinpoints exactly where remediation efforts—such as reforestation, drainage improvements, or erosion control—will deliver the greatest benefit. The approach is being developed and validated on dairy farms in Monteverde, Costa Rica, where varying slopes and soil conditions make runoff management a persistent challenge.

Technical specifications

• Aerial mapping using drones (RPA) to capture high-resolution imagery of farmland terrain and land cover
• GIS-based processing to generate digital terrain models, orthomosaics, and 3D digital elevation models (3D-DEM)
• Hydrological analysis incorporating rainfall data, topographical relief, pluvial flow rates, and pluviometer readings
• Chemical water analysis of runoff samples to quantify nutrient loss and leaching impact
• Identification of risk areas for oversaturation, erosion, and excessive runoff
• Final actionable maps presented to farmers showing vulnerable zones and recommended mitigation locations
• Field validation through ground truthing during the rainy season (June–October)

Technology readiness level

The technology is currently at an active field validation stage. Testing is being conducted on three dairy farms with different slopes and three plots per farm in Monteverde, Costa Rica, covering a total area of 18 hectares. The validation timeline spans a full annual cycle: drone flights and water testing during the rainy season (June–October), GIS orthomosaic and 3D-DEM creation (October–March), and hydrological and chemical analysis (March–June). Final risk maps and mitigation recommendations are expected to be delivered to farmers at the conclusion of this cycle.