Propolis-based natural preservative for all-purpose cleaners

Overview

This research proposes propolis, a natural bee-produced resin, as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial preservative for all-purpose cleaners, offering a bio-based alternative to conventional synthetic preservatives such as isothiazolinone. Propolis has demonstrated antimicrobial activity against gram-positive bacteria (including Staphylococcus aureus), gram-negative bacteria (including Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa), and fungi. By replacing synthetic preservatives with a natural alternative, cleaning product manufacturers can address growing consumer demand for greener formulations while maintaining effective microbial protection throughout the product shelf life.

Technical specifications

Key features and findings:

• Propolis extract exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity validated through disc diffusion sensitivity testing
• Effective against both gram-positive and gram-negative bacterial pathogens at multiple extract concentrations
• Demonstrated activity against clinically and hygienically relevant organisms including Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae
• Natural origin supports clean-label and eco-friendly product positioning

Future development plans:

• Synthesis of nano-propolis particles to overcome low solubility and improve blending with other cleaning agent components
• Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using ethanolic propolis extract to enhance antimicrobial potency
• Evaluation of nano-propolis and AgNPs both individually and in synergistic combinations against target microorganisms
• Characterization of nanoparticles using FTIR (functional groups) and TEM (shape and size)

Technology readiness level

The propolis-based preservative concept is currently at an early-to-mid stage of development. Laboratory validation using the disc diffusion method has confirmed antimicrobial sensitivity at multiple extract concentrations against key bacterial pathogens. The next phase of work focuses on enhancing formulation compatibility through nanoparticle synthesis and conducting expanded antimicrobial testing. Further formulation stability testing, cleaning performance evaluation, and scale-up studies would be needed before commercial integration into all-purpose cleaner products.